What to Wear at Scientific Conferences

Along with science, I’ve always had an interest in fashion. I love watching project Runway and reading tweets about the latest trends. This may be one reason that I always got excited about scientific meetings in graduate school. They gave me a chance to dress up, compared to my daily outfit of jeans and gym shoes in the lab.

Here are some of my tips about chic and comfy conference wear:

• I recommend packing some cute wrinkle-free dresses or shirts. This will help you save time in the morning, so you can focus on a day of exciting science. 

• Personally, I think it’s good to have some outfits that are bright and colorful. Many business clothes at conferences are grey and black. Thus, a pop of color, like red, or a cool print can help you stand out.

• Coordinate with your presentation. For example, if you have a poster that is blue, you could wear a matching dress/shirt/tie. Also, if you have a talk in a large, dark room, you may want to wear a light color.

•          Some female T.V. characters with style that would be great for scientific meetings include Claire Underwood in House of Cards, Olivia Pope in Scandal, Alicia Florrick in The Good Wife, and Jessica Pearson in Suits.    

 

  

• Male T.V. characters wearing nice suits that would work well at scientific conferences are Mike Ross and Harvey Spector in Suits, Walter O’Brien (business attire) in Scorpion, Don Cheadle in House of Lies, and Rafael Barba in Law and Order: SVU. 

• "Let’s get some shoes.” When I’m giving a presentation, I prefer to wear heels. The added height makes me feel taller and more confident. However, it’s also important to have comfortable dress shoes at scientific meetings, especially if you have to walk a lot. I recommend bringing a couple pairs that would work with your clothes, whether it’s flats, men’s dress shoes, high heels, or wedges.

My Red Power Heels

• My last tip is to wear what makes you feel good and expresses your own, individual personality. I love dresses, so that’s what I bring for conferences. A fellow graduate student in my lab liked to wear bow ties at scientific meetings. Some people like to add accent jewelry. #YouDoYou and dress in a way that will make you feel like the scientific expert that you are.     

#Startstruck by Scientists and Science-Related Writers

As a trainee in science, you often have the chance to attend talks and meetings where you see world-renowned experts in the field. Similar to a person who spots their favorite celebrity (movie/tv/music star) IRL, you can’t help but be #startstruck. Here are a few of my #startstruck moments when I got to see amazing researchers and science communicators:

1) Rebecca Skloot – I remember attending a talk by Rebecca Skloot, the author of “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,” as an undergraduate at Hiram College. I was so excited to see an author who changed the way both scientists and the public think about medical ethics (including informed consent and patient privacy) and the history of cell culture. I can remember her talking about sitting in a biology class where she learned about HeLa cells, where she wondered, “Who did these cells come from?” She is one of my role models, since my career goal is to be a science writer.  

 2) Tracy Kidder – The common reading for Hiram College one year was the book, “Mountains Beyond Mountains,” which was written by Tracy Kidder. The book describes the work of Dr. Paul Farmer, who improved the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in under-served areas throughout the world. Based on the use of his book in the curriculum, Tracy Kidder came and gave the opening convocation. It was cool to have the chance to see a Pulitzer Prize-winning author and famous literary journalist in person. Looking back, I wish I had recorded his inspirational speech.

3) Peter Barnes, MD – As a graduate student studying inflammatory lung diseases, I remember reading a lot of reviews and manuscripts by Dr. Barnes. He is a respiratory researcher in the U.K. who is an expert in the areas of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The first time that I saw him was at the American Thoracic Society (ATS) Annual Conference in Philadelphia, where he gave a talk about non-smokers with COPD. I can remember just being in awe of him since he is such a leader in the field. This past May, he actually introduced me at a conference. I may have looked calm and collected as I walked up to the podium, but I definitely did an internal #startstruck squeal.  

 4) Stephen Gordon, MD – I was able to attend great talks by Stephen Gordon at ATS conferences, and even got to meet him in person. He is a respiratory researcher who studies respiratory infectious diseases and the health effects of household air pollution from cooking fires. He is one of the world’s experts on lung diseases related to biomass smoke exposure and cookstove interventions in low-and-middle-income countries. He also received the World Lung Health Award from the ATS for his research and training efforts in Malawi.   

John Balmes, MD - I was able to meet Dr. Balmes at ATS conferences. He is a well-known respiratory researcher who studies outdoor air pollution, household air pollution, asthma, and cardiopulmonary diseases. He has received many awards throughout his career, including the ATS Public Service Award in Recognition of Outstanding Contributions in Public Health in the area of Respiratory Disease and Medicine, The John M. Peters Award in Appreciation of a Lifetime of Leadership, Research, and Devoted Service to the Pursuit of Respiratory Health from the ATS's Assembly on Environmental, Occupational and Population Health, Rutherford T. Johnstone Award for Exemplary Contributions to the Field of Occupational Medicine, and more. He also likes to support and promote trainees. I can remember feeling a good type of shock when he recognized me at an ATS assembly meeting.

5) Joe Palca, PhD – I took a graduate school course called “Careers in Science Communication.” Different speakers in science communication would come and tell us about their jobs. One week, Joe Palca, a science correspondent for NPR came to our class. He gave really good examples and tips about communicating science to the public. Later that evening, I was a part of a small group from the class who got to join him for dinner. It was a great experience to hang out with a nationally-recognized science journalist.  

6) Enid Neptune, MD - The keynote speaker for the University of Rochester's Lung Biology Research and Trainee Day in January 2017 was Dr. Enid Neptune. I was able to see her present her research on Marfan syndrome and inflammatory lung diseases, specifically COPD. I also had the opportunity to attend a career development round table with her, where she gave advice to graduate students, post-docs, and clinical fellows about planning for the future. I'll never forget that she said, "It's your life. You have to do what's right for you." It was helpful to learn the experiences and perspective of an important translation researcher in pulmonary medicine. 

7) Dinah Singer, PhD – As a science writing fellow, I was able to meet Dr. Singer, the director of the Division of Cancer Biology at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). She is also a Senior Investigator and Chief of the Molecular Regulation Section of the Experimental Immunology Branch of the NCI intramural research program. She is a well-known scientist, serves on various advisory and scientific boards/committees, and an important leader at NCI. As a woman in STEM, I look up to her as a role-model. Further, even though she is this amazing and accomplished researcher, she is very down to earth. For example, when I met her, I said, “Nice to meet you Dr. Singer.” She quickly replied, “You can call me Dinah.”

8) Douglas Lowy, MD – I was able to sit in during a meeting that was led by the (then) acting NCI director, Dr. Lowy. I was in the same room as one of the scientists who won the 2017 Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award. His research led to the development of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, which help prevent cervical cancer.  

9) Diana Galbadon, PhD – I was able to go to the National Book Festival this year with a lecture by Diana Galbadon. She is the author of the “Outlander” series, as well as a PhD in Quantitative Behavioral Ecology. I am a huge fan of the “Outlander” books and T.V. show, so it was a great chance to see her in person. Since I am interested in science communication, it was interesting to hear her perspective on science and writing during her talk. According to her, in both science and writing you are trying to draw out patterns from chaos. The only difference is that one is external (science) and one is internal (writing).  

Feel free to share your own science-related #startstruck moments in the comments!

Great Books Related to Science and Medicine

Since I have started a science writing internship, I have reflected back on books related to science and medicine that inspired me to pursue a career combining scientific knowledge and creative writing. Here is a list of works, both nonfiction and fiction, that I recommend for individuals with an interest in science who love to read.  

Call the Midwife (by Jennifer Worth)

This memoir describes healthcare, especially related to pregnancy and birth, for people living in the low-income area of the East End slums of London during the 1950’s. If you like the PBS show based on the book, I highly recommend reading the book.

Cider House Rules (by John Irving)

A fictional story about an orphan who grows up, leaves home, and eventually becomes a doctor. It also discusses medical ethics related to reproductive rights.

Complications: A Surgeon’s Notes on an Imperfect Science (by Atul Gawande)

The stories in this book show the complexities and uncertainties related to the science of surgery. It gives us a view of hard choices and fatal mistakes from the surgeon’s perspective.

Cooked: A Natural History of Transformation (by Michael Pollan)

In this book, Pollan describes cooking as it relates to four elements – air, earth, fire, and water. It describes the scientific aspects of cooking, as well as both ecological and social connections to food.

Cutting for Stone (Dr. Abraham Verghese

This fictional novel describes the lives of twins growing up in Ethiopia (during political turmoil), their medical training throughout childhood, and experiences as they grow up and travel.

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (by Rebecca Skloot)

A great book that discusses bioethical issues related to patient consent for biomedical research, issues of race in clinical research, and the development of cell culture.

Lab Girl (by Hope Jahren)

In this memoir, Hope Jahren describes how her childhood experiences led her to become a scientist, as well as describes her triumphs and disappointments throughout her research career.

Mercies in Disguise: A Story of Hope, a Family's Genetic Destiny, and the Science That Rescued Them (by Gina Kolata)

This is the only book on the list that I haven’t read; however, it is currently on my Amazon wish list. A friend in science communications told me about this book by NY Times writer Gina Kolata. It describes the story of a family that discovers that they carry a genetic disease, and discusses issues related to genetic testing.

Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, a Man Who Would Cure the World (by Tracy Kidder)

An inspiring book about Dr. Paul Farmer, who started Partners in Health, a global health organization. It addresses healthcare disparities and describes Dr. Farmer’s work in researching and treating infectious diseases in low-income areas throughout the world.

My Own Country: A Doctor’s Story (by Abraham Verghese)

In this memoir, Dr. Verghese writes about his experience as a young, infectious disease doctor in Tennessee, who becomes the local expert on AIDS. It shows the important relationship between a doctor and his/her patients, as well as the impact of social views on medical treatment and research.

Oryx and Crake (by Margaret Atwood)

This fictional, post-apocolyptic novel makes the reader think about the ethics of bioengineering, the impact of businesses and money on science, the role of the media in social perception, etc.

Outlander (by Diana Galbadon)

This historical romance with a sci-fi twist tells the story of a British nurse in 1946 who travels back in time to 18^th century Scotland. Throughout the book, the main character uses her 20^th century medical knowledge to solve health-related problems.  

 Silent Spring (by Rachel Carson)

If you are interested in toxicology and/or environmental health, you should read “Silent Spring.” This book describes the harmful effects of DDT, and played an important role in the environmental movement of the 1960’s. 

The #SimeLab is Searching for Lung Disease Cures

As I was working on my thesis defense slides, I started listening to Lady Gaga's new song, "The Cure." Honestly, I am a total fan of Lady Gaga and love her music. Replaying the song many times over the weekend, I was inspired to write lyrics related to respiratory research projects in the #SimeLab. I hope you like this science-related song.

#SimeLab

Lady Gaga – “The Cure”

The #SimeLab is Searching for Lung Disease Cures

Sung to the lyrics of Lady Gaga’s “The Cure”

Lyrics:

Lung scarring makes you breathless

And it will result in death

Since there are few effective treatments

No drugs can reverse scarring

Or stop patchy lung hard’ning

“When you can’t breathe, nothing else matters”

So many knowledge gaps

The Sime lab keeps researching

So many knowledge gaps

That need to be addressed right now

So many knowledge gaps

The Sime lab keeps researching

To help those with lung disease

We want to find the cure, We’ll

We’ll try and fix the lungs

We research the bio,

We’ll try and fix the lungs

Doing experiments each day

Trying to make some good headway

Finding a new therapy

Keep searching for the cure (for the cure)

Breathing smoke from fires and cigs

Harms and damages the lungs

And suppresses immune defenses

Yet, there are few therapies

To help these communities

With smoke induced health consequences

So many knowledge gaps

The Sime lab keeps researching

So many knowledge gaps

That need to be addressed right now

So many knowledge gaps

The Sime lab keeps researching

To help those with lung disease

We want to find the cure, We’ll

We’ll try and fix the lungs

We research the bio, We’ll

We’ll try and fix the lungs

Doing experiments each day

Trying to make some good headway

Finding a new therapy

Keep searching for the cure (for the cure)

We’ll try and fix the lungs

We’ll try and fix the lungs

We’ll try and fix the lungs

We’ll try and fix the lungs

We want to find the cure, We’ll

We’ll try and fix the lungs

We research the bio, 

We’ll try and fix the lungs

Doing experiments each day

Trying to make some good headway

Finding a new therapy

Keep searching for the cure (for the cure)

Keep searching for the cure (for the cure)

We’ll try and fix the lungs

Misrepresentations of Female Scientists in Movies Influence Gender Disparities

Misrepresentations of Female Scientists in Movies Influence Gender Disparities 

Related to Women Involved in Science

Walking into a science fiction theater, one rarely sees a female scientist as a main character. Some of the few women researchers in film include the supermodel shaped Dr. Charlotte “Charlie” Blackwood (played by Kelly McGillis) who catches the eye of Maverick in “Top Gun” and frumpy Dr. Pamela Isley (through Uma Thurman’s acting) who others think is crazy in “Batman and Robin.”  Movies often misrepresent female scientists to the public in stereotypes ranging from drab and solitary to sexy and manipulative. These distorted film images differ from the attributes of real women who perform scientific investigations and often contribute to social consequences, such as girls who tend to be uninterested in pursuing science careers and difficulties faced by women scientists trying to advance their positions. Understanding the false stereotypes of fictional, on-screen female scientists and changing them into realistic images of women researchers in biology, chemistry, and physics, could help create opportunities for women involved in scientific investigations and prevent the continuation of gender inequities in science.

            The media depictions of women scientists impact public perceptions towards science and female researchers (Steinke et al. 4). Visual messages are the major source of information about science for the general population (Steinke et al. 4). Movies are especially important in spreading concepts related to science since they are more likely to contain characters with science careers than other public tools like books, television, and magazines (Steinke 30). Also, popular culture images involving science have a crucial influence during adolescence, and provide young people with information about gender roles, interactions between individuals of the opposite sex, and jobs in scientific research (Steinke 28). During this teenage time of development when media is important in shaping attitudes, many girls start to become disinterested in science (Steinke 29). Misinformation about women of science is often displayed and influences opinions about women in fields related to biology, chemistry, and physics.

Many films with scientific themes lack women researchers. According to sociologist Eva Flicker, 82% of scientists portrayed in the media are men (308). The unequal depiction of females in science prevents young girls from becoming interested in science (Kitzinger et al. 15). Similarly, women in science often view illustrations of women scientists as limited to certain fields, such as medicine and forensics (Kitzinger et al. 15). The deficiency of women scientists in movies may have an effect on the opinions of children. A study found that when young kids were asked to draw a scientist, none of the boys and only about half of the girls used a picture of a woman (Frayling, 219). From a young age, children are taught to mistakenly think that jobs in science are designated and appropriate only for men. There is a need to increase the visibility of women scientists, from a variety of disciplines ranging from ecology to astronomy, in movies to promote this area of study to young women.

When women scientists are shown in a few movies, they are often misrepresented or placed into stereotypical roles. In films, a woman researcher is often depicted as a lonely workaholic who spends all of her time on her experiments (Flicker 311). She is often viewed as unable to socially interact with others and unemotional (Kitzinger et al. 17). However, the woman can become more feminine and compatible throughout a movie with the help of a love affair or experimentation, while simultaneously losing her professional proficiency (Flicker 311). This image of a woman scientist who transitions into a pretty love-interest is seen in “Spellbound” with Ingrid Bergman as Dr. Constance Peterson who originally does not reciprocate a kiss but describes it as interesting behavior (Flicker 311).  In “Love Potion No. 9,” Sandra Bullock plays Dr. Diane Farrow, a nerdy and homely biochemist who becomes glamorous after drinking a potion in her laboratory (Flicker 311; Steinke 40). This characterization of female scientists makes people think that scientific knowledge and feminine traits are mutually exclusive (Flicker 311). The image reinforces discriminatory opinions that women should care more about their appearance and intimate relationships than studying science to pursue a research career.  

Female scientists in films can also be drab and manly (Kitzinger et al. 17). Many women scientists in films are given masculine attributes, including rough voices, male attire, and unhealthy habits (Flicker 311). In the movie “Andromeda Strain,” the character of Dr. Ruth Leavitt (displayed through the acting of Kate Reid) exhibited male traits through raspy speech, chain smoking, a domineering attitude, and a short haircut that could be seen on men (Flicker 311). Similarly, Dr. Diana Reddin (played by Emma Thompson) in “Junior” wears de-feminizing clothes like ugly brown sweaters, plain gray pants, and a long lab coat, making her appear mannish (Steinke 40). Making women scientists in films seem more masculine reinforces the perception of nature as feminine and science as a masculine tool to control the natural world (Jackson 50). Additionally, the characteristically male depictions influence how women scientists manage their appearance. Many female scientific researchers think that if they dress with femininity, then their colleagues will not take them seriously as credible scientists (Kitzinger et al. 17). Viewing female scientists as unusual nerds with masculine characteristics may also cause young girls to purposefully avoid a science career track (Long et al. 359). Forcing women scientists in movies to be masculine contributes to the biased view that science is more suitable for the minds of men.  

Yet, women researchers are often portrayed as very young and not old enough to have the correct academic qualifications for their jobs in movies (Frayling 222). These female scientists tend to be illustrated as extremely beautiful and super sexy (Kitzinger et al. 18). They often wear tight outfits that show-off their physique, like the genetics researcher Susan Storm (a.k.a. Jessica Alba) in “The Fantastic Four” who wears a body-hugging suit that emphasizes her curvaceous regions. The nuclear physicist Dr. Christmas Jones (portrayed by Denise Richards) in “The World is Not Enough” dresses in a midriff bearing tank-top and hot-pants to disarm nuclear weapons (“Christmas Jones”). Depicting women scientists as very attractive places attention more on their looks than on their knowledge, making it seem like women scientists are less proficient compared to men. Similarly, in “Contact,” Jodie Foster as Dr. Ellie Arroway uses her feminine charm to get things she wants instead of persuading others with scientific data from her work (Kitzinger et al. 18). Forcing female scientist characters to be glamorous makes these scientific investigators attention-grabbing tools for male target audiences of science-fiction and adventure films rather than role models for women interested in science.  

Evil women scientists who use sexuality to manipulate others and are willing to perform corrupt procedures are typically seen by movie audiences (Flicker 313). An example is Dr. Susan Harris (displayed by Anitra Ford) in “Invasion of the Bee Girls,” a beautiful female entomologist who creates an army of attractive women to seduce and kill men (“Invasion of the Bee Girls”). Similarly, Dr. Susan McCallister (as shown by Saffron Burrows) in “Deep Blue Sea” steps over ethical lines and genetically modifies sharks to study Alzheimer’s disease (“Deep Blue Sea”; Frayling 223). These images of immoral women researchers contribute to negative opinions about science, and make it seem like women in the life and physical sciences are willing to break codes of principle in pursuit of their work.

Also, women scientists in films are usually relegated to supportive roles, such as the girlfriend to the main character (Kitzinger et al. 19). Dr. Ellie Sattler (acted by Laura Dern) in “Jurassic Park” aids Dr. Alan Grant in studying dinosaurs, and Betty Ross (played by Jennifer Connelly), assists Bruce Banner with physics experiments in the “Hulk.” Both characters are well-known images of female scientists as helpers. Gender inequalities are often represented in movies by placing men in charge of female researchers (Kitzinger et al. 19). Continuing to place female scientists in the role of assistants in films promotes a social belief that male scientists are superior to women in science careers. 

The distorted portrayals of women scientists impact the perception of young girls about female researchers and policies related to female scientific investigators. Many young women are discouraged from getting involved in science due to misrepresentations of women scientists in film (Kitzinger et al. 9). Statistics show that young women are less likely to choose to study science in high school and college compared to young men, even if they think they can succeed in scientific investigations (Kitzinger et al. 1; Buck, Leslie-Pelecky, and Kirby 1). This is caused by negative stereotypes of women scientists due to false portrayals of women researchers in films (Buck, Leslie-Pelecky, and Kirby 1). Middle-school aged girls who viewed themselves as feminine were observed to think of scientific endeavors as a male profession for nerdy, middle-aged men with  white lab coats, glasses, and beards (Steinke 36; Buck, Leslie-Pelecky, and Kirby 1). Perceptions about women in science from films makes girls think of science as a subject that they do not need to focus on in their academics (Steinke 36).

Most school age kids think a scientist is a middle-aged man with a white lab coat, glasses, and a beard who spends all of his time in a laboratory (Buck, Leslie-Pelecky, and Kirby 2). This image of individuals in science is very pervasive. It caused young kids in a study about science education to believe that women scientists visiting their classroom were teachers even though they described their careers in science research (Buck, Leslie-Pelecky, and Kirby 7). Typecasts of female scientists in movies prevent young girls from becoming interested in studying chemicals, biological mechanisms, and electrical circuits.

Correspondingly, women who major in a science often do not pursue careers in this field, which is shown by the low proportion of women in jobs related to science disciplines compared to the percentage of females in the U.S. population (Kitzinger et al. 1; Steinke et al. 3). Women make up 19.4% of workers in the science industry and comprise only 10% of academic professional positions in the sciences (Steinke 29; Flicker 308). The women who are involved in the science sector have a lower probability of getting promotions for senior positions and there is currently a gender hierarchy in academia (Kitzinger et al. 1; Flicker 308). For example, less than 6% of senior science faculty members in Higher Education institutions of Europe are women and only 23% of full professors of science in the U.S. are female (Kitzinger et al. 1; Flicker 308). Furthermore, women science faculty members have less influence than their male associates, have fewer opportunities for leadership roles in their departments, and advance at a slower rate (Cortina, Malley, and Stewart 47). Even when women reach higher ranks in science careers, they often do not have a greater sense of job satisfaction due to bad experiences related to gender discrimination (Cortina, Malley, and Stewart 55). Women in science face difficulties in achieving high status roles and equal opportunities for leadership, which correlates to media images that uphold the perspective of male scientists’ superiority over women laboratory investigators.

The negative depictions of women scientists in films promote gender stereotypes that belittle the intelligence of women, portray females as unqualified for scientific research, attract attention to struggles involved in balancing a professional and a personal life, and depict women as distractions to male collaborators (Long et al. 359). It also endorses a message that was expressed by Larry Summers, the President of Harvard, that women biologically have less aptitude than males in science (Cortina, Malley, and Stewart 55). Changes need to be made in the presentation of women researchers in movies to alter negative public opinions about women scientists and help put an end to gender disparities in areas of biology, chemistry, and physics.

Screenplay writers, movie directors, and motion picture producers should work to improve the illustrations of female scientists in films. Current women scientists want female scientific investigators in movies to appear as “ordinary people,” clever, and talented; they want women researchers to be seen as more than just a pretty face on camera (Kitzinger et al. 19). Female scientists would like to see a variety of diverse representations of women scientists with different ethnicities, interests within science, strengths, careers, and families to signify multiple women researchers in the field (Kitzinger et al. 32). Many women investigators in science think that films should indicate that women can have a personal life and family, as well as perform science experiments for a living (Kitzinger et al. 34). Displaying women scientists working in teams and cooperating with others would allow young girls to learn that science is social (Kitzinger et al. 34). It would also help upper level administrators understand that women are integral members of scientific research groups (Kitzinger et al. 34). Changing the way women involved in science are shown in movies could alter the opinions of the general public about female scientists. This would likely lead to less gender discrimination in science through a higher number of young girls becoming interested in studying organic compounds, animal anatomy, and special relativity, as well as equal  opportunities for women researchers to advance to high levels in their careers.

Works Cited

Buck, Gayle A., Diandra Leslie-Pelecky, and Susan K. Kirby. “Bringing Female Scientists into

            the Elementary Classroom: Confronting the Strength of Elementary Students’

            Stereotypical Images of Scientists.” Journal of Elementary Science Education. 14.2

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“Christmas Jones.” Wikipedia. 2 March 2011. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 5 April 2011.

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< http://pus.sagepub.com/content/12/3/307.full.pdf+html>.

Frayling, Christopher. Mad, Bad, and Dangerous?: The Scientist and the Cinema. London:

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Jackson, J. Kasi. “Gender, Mad Scientists, and Nanotechnology.” Spontaneous Generations. 2.1

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Kitzinger, Jenny, Joan Haran, Mwenya Chimba, and Tammy Boyce. “Role Models in the

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Long, Marilee, Jocelyn Steinke, Brooks Applegate, Maria Knight Lapinski, Marne J. Johnson,

            and Sayani Ghosh. “Portrayals of Male and Female Scientists in Television Programs

            Popular Among Middle School-Age Children.” Science Communication 32.3 (2010). 4

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Steinke, Jocelyn. “Cultural Representations of Gender and Science: Portrayals of Female

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Steinke, Jocelyn, Marilee Long, Marne J. Johnson, and Sayani Ghosh. Gender Stereotypes of

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